An examination of the political events and labor relations that have resulted in restrictions on the scope of public sector collective bargaining and union representation. The pertinent legislation and its likely consequences are discussed.

Union “security agreements” can require all employees, as a condition of employment, to pay a “fair share” or representational costs. This is sometimes miscast as requiring union “membership”; the NLRB has ruled that unions have an affirmative duty to inform employees that membership is not required. This article discusses the permissible uses for union dues, …