The authors posit that the principal impediment to unions winning NLRB-supervised elections is not that strategic advantages of employers but employees’ preferences and views, and that greater success of unions under neutrality agreements (78% vs. 51%) is attributable to (1) the hampering of all forms of employer expression and (2) the substitution of authorization cards …

An examination of arbitrators’ acceptance (or rejection) of evidence of post-discharge conduct and of later-acquired pre-discharge conduct. Arbitrator Nicolau applies a test of fair warning: If the evidence is revealed when discovered, and in sufficient time for the Union to prepare a defense, the employer is entitled to present it and the arbitrator is obligated …