Although rarely expressly authorized by the parties to exercise discretion as to any matter, arbitrators exercise discretionary authority in the conduct of the hearing, in arriving at the substantive outcome…

In a further examination of the comparison of arbitral and judicial discretion, Marshall submits that there is little discernable distinction between the proper exercise of judicial, administrative and arbitral discretion;…

An examination of arbitral discretion in the context of building the evidence record and controlling the hearing: techniques, demeanor, temperament and style with particular emphasis on gradations of arbitral involvement…